Troy v, Iliad

Guidelines for the Comparative analysis of the pic Troy and The Iliad Your comparative search should be typed in single space paragraphing (font 12 Times new-fashioned Roman) and it should be at least 500 denominations. (I will practice session the word count feature in Microsoft Word to check the number of words. ) exploit non to exceed 1000 words at most. Your essay should be the result of your throw contemplations, observations and conclusions. You gouge register other sources for this assignment unspoiled you should not copy at whatever form or to any degree the sources you have read.You fundament just use the ideas gained through sources in your own words. If you do so, however, you should definitely cite the references to your sources. In case you use a source and forget to cite it or even worse if you copy from a source the score for your paper will be zero. So please bewargon of intentional or unintentaional plagiarism. In write up the paper first watch the mo vie comp allowely and if needful take notes. (The DVD of the movie is provided to you. )Then, compare what you have guaranteen with what you have read and try to find out the reasons for the differences.The followinig notes may help you ?Note the changes in value systems in the past and present ?Note the reasons for the changes and passings that have taken place in the creation of the movie. (including commercial, political, value, ) ?Focus on justification exposit for the atrocities and savagery that is depicted as valor and courage in the Iliad. ? explore the contri unlessions (messages) that the two works guide to human culture in their own context.Iliad vs. Troy Movie. Neither Athena with her matchless wisdom, nor Apollo with his talent of prophecy, could foretell that someday Prometheuss fragile creature, human, would become rude in a subdue that not only would turn his back to the gods, but also would misrepresent their presence and effects in the human history. Brisei s Well, then your men did. The cheerfulness god will have his vengeance. Achilles Whats he waiting for? Briseis The right clipping to strike. Achilles His non-Christian priests are dead, and his acolytes a captive.I think your god is afraid of me? Briseis panic-stricken? Apollo is master of the sun, he fears naught. Achilles Where is he? (Troy) The movie Troy, which is an adaptation of marks Iliad, is an obvious twist of it, both historically and literarily. There are numerous differences between them that stub be observed and revealed. Here, I am going to highlight some of inordinate modifications of Homers Iliad in Wolfgang Petersens Troy and, then, try to go beyond the surface to break dance the reasons for such changes.The movie duration is about 163 proceeding and it takes 50 minutes to reach to the starting point of the Iliad. Although there are, also, several rotations of the classical myths events in the first 50 minutes that even an amateur classic mythology endorse r can remark it fallacies, I will not enter that domain. I will just refer to the changes that are in contrary with the Iliad and can be retrieved by the information that Homer presents. For instance, in the Iliad we see that it was genus Pariss doom to go to Sparta and fall in fare with Helen. merely the movie gives no account for the background of the story and the destinations role. Another incident which is not mentioned in the Iliad is Achilless rapid put to death to siege the beach of Troy and invading Apollos temple. The major modification of the Iliad is the absence of Gods in the movie. There is no information about them but some names that elder characters mention and some statues. The only Goddess that we can see in the movie is Thetis, Achilless mother, who is a nymph gibe to the Iliad, half human, half fish.But the director of the movie does not compulsion to put emphasis on the divinity part and although Achilles meets her in the water, ideate her fish part is cle verly avoided by the director. Apollo in the movie is just a wretched God who is not able to avenge the crime that Myrmidons have done to him. In the minute 42 of the story, Achilles beheads Apollos statue. period in the Iliad, Achilles respects Gods and makes sacrifices for them. In another scene, in the minute 29, while Hector is urging Priam, his father, to return Helen to Sparta to avoid a war, Priam tells him not to get at because, Apollo watches over us.Even Agamemnon is no match for the Gods. (Troy) But Hector replies, And how umteen battalions does the Sun God command? (Troy) This is not the only place in the movie that Hector, who is protected and respected by gods in the Iliad and highly believes in them, mocks the gods. It happens again in minute 54 of the movie when the high priest announces that two farmers have seen an eagle with a serpent in its talons, a good sign from Apollo. Hector mocks the priest and saying, you want to plan a strategy based on bird signs? H e concludes from Apollos inability to take vengeance on Achilles for insulting his statue and says, The gods wont squeeze this war for us (Troy). The whole story is in contrary with the Iliad, because it is indicated that the Trojans see that sign while trying to push back the Achaean armament to their ships, and predict it as a bad omen from Zeus who is the possessor of the eagle, though. Moreover, in the Iliad, it is gods war more(prenominal) than humans. It seems that there is an intention beyond these manners of mocking gods by two of the best characters who the audience would love best and sympathize with.First assumption would be that the director of the movie wanted to make a realistic shot of the Iliad. But, after increase in the story, another assumption may be that the director does not believe in Gods or divinity at all and try to inject his view through his best characters and he is doing this cleverly. Almost in the first scene that we see Achilles, when the messe nger son asks if the stories about him is true and if he cannot be killed, Achilles responds, I wouldnt be bothering with the shield then, would I? (Troy) a very logical and clever direction to wipe out tendencies of believing in divinity from audiences mind in the beginning of the story and to appeal the skeptic generation of 21st carbon Another major difference between Iliad and the movie is again in the process of adaptation of the Iliad according to the appetite of the audience. Every Iliad reader can understand in a glance that the honor codes and bravery values of those days is in contrary with todays. The most devouring and slaughtering characters were the most praised heroes of the Iliad.Achilles, Hector, Ajax and Diomede were a few samples of ancient world heroes. But, is it possible to picture those animalistic brutalities inwardly Iliad these days and expect to attract people to pay for watching it? Of seam not Instead, we need to show a sentimental view of our heroes , heroes who turn down war heroes who are sorry for killing people. For instance, Hector while reversive from Sparta provokes Paris who wants to fight with Menelaus and says that, there is nothing glorious about it, nothing poetic (Troy).But it is indeed glorious in the Iliad to fight. In situation Homer calls Hector the pair of bloodthirsty Mars as an honor. On the other hand, we need a kind, loving and caring Achilles with a masculine attractive figure to attract more audience. What about softening the emphasis with some romance scenes to guarantee our investment, no matter what was the story and what was the truth. So, lets dismiss Diomede who is a brutal killer, kill Ajax and Menelaus at the beginning, and sink Aeneas and so many other valiant heroes to make the story more appealing and brief.But, lets picture Agamemnon as he was to make people despise him. So tricky Simply put, it seems that cinematographs own a mightier weapon that Zeuss thunder bolt and Poseidons trident by which have sent myth gods and their offspring to the underworld. But, what if someday, they claim war against Semitic or early religions God? What if they twist the reality and feed that in a colorful tempting way to the people? (As Islamic democracy of Iran does it in regard to Bahai faith). Do the audiences of those movies would accept what is being presented or investigate after the truth?

Computer Virus

Assignment on Public Speaking Assignment topic illuminating speech on Computer Viruses Submitted to Kanita Ridwana Lecturer Department of English Stamford University Bangladesh. Submitted by Mir Alim uz zaman ID. LLB 04206977 Department of Laws Stamford University Bangladesh Submission date Teachers gossipmonger & Signature COMPUTER VIRUS Good afternoon everyone. Hoping on the whole of you are well. This is the time to present my avouchative speech.For making a digital Bangladesh, every citizen has to expert user of information process system and our authority has to computerize every sections of this country. But the major threat for victimisation a computer is computer computer virus. Thats why I have prepared my speech to inform my audience roughly it. Today I have prepared quartette special points for illustrate a virus. a) What is a Virus? b) What Viruses dont do? c) How does Virus spread? and, d) How to pr compositors case a Virus intrusion? a) What is a Vir us Computer viruses are weapons platformmes written by have in mind people.These virus programs are placed into a commonly used program so that program will run the attached virus program as it boots, therefore, it is said that the virus defiles the executable file or program. possible files include Macintosh system files such as system extensions, INITs and control panels and lotion programs such as word processing programs and spreadsheet programs. Viruses work the same styluss in windowpanes or DOS machines by sullying zip or exe files. A virus is inactive until you execute an infected program or application OR start your computer from a disk that has infected system files.in one case a virus is active, it loads into your computers memory and whitethorn save itself to your hard apparent movement or copies itself to applications or system files on disks you use. Some viruses are programmed specifically to damage the data on your computer by corrupting programs, deleting files, or even erasing your entire hard drive. Many viruses do nothing to a greater extent than display a message or make sounds / verbal comments at a certain time or a programming event after replicating themselves to be picked up by other users one way or another. Other viruses make your computers system behave erratically or crash frequently.Sadly many people who have problems or frequent crashes using their computers do not realize that they have a virus and go with the inconveniences. Though Viruses are really a threat for all computer users, it cannot be harmful in some points. b) What Viruses dont do Computer viruses cannot infect write protected disks or infect written documents. Viruses do not infect compressed files, unless the file was infected prior to the compression. Compressed files are programs or files with its common characters, etc. removed to take up less space on a disk. Viruses do not infect computer hardware, such as monitors or computer chips they only in fect software. In addition, Macintosh viruses do not infect DOS / Window computer software and vice versa. For example, the Melissa virus incident of of late 1998 and the ILOVEYOU virus of 2000 worked only on Window based machines and could not choke on Macintosh computers. One further note-> viruses do not ineluctably let you know they are present in your machine, even after being destructive. If your computer is not operating properly, it is a good practice session to check for viruses with a current virus checking program.Lacking of proper knowledge makes the virus more powerful and it helps to spread it in each file of a computer. c) How does Virus spread Viruses begin to work and spread when you start up the program or application of which the virus is present. For example, a word processing program that contains a virus will place the virus in memory every time the word processing program is run. Once in memory, one of a number of things can happen. The virus may be prog rammed to attach to other applications, disks or folders. It may infect a network if given the opportunity.Viruses behave in different ways. Some viruses chip active only when the application it is part of is running. Turn the computer rancid and the virus is inactive. Other viruses will operate every time you wrench on your computer after infecting a system file or network. We need to have proper knowledge, and stay safe from a virus. d) How to foil a Virus invasion Some tips to prevent virus invasion are given below I. Load only software from legitimate disks or CDs. Pirated or copied software is constantly a risk for a virus. II. Execute only programs of which you are familiar as to their origin.Programs sent by email should always be suspicious. III. Computer uploads and system configuration changes should always be performed by the person who is responsible for the computer. Password protection should be employed. IV. Check all shareware and free programs downloaded from on-line services with a virus checking program. V. Purchase a virus program that runs as you boot or work your computer. Up-date it frequently. Finally I hope everyone should be careful about viruses and enjoy a virus free computing. Thank you everyone. *Created by Alim Z Mir (optimist. emailprotected com)

Chemistry and Biotechnology

1. What specific topic did you choose to seek and evaluate? I decided to conduct research on substructure cells for medical use.2. List the resources that you apply in your research of your topic.http//www.ama-assn.org//ama/pub/physician-resources/medical-science/genetics-molecular-medicine/related-policy-topics/ melodic theme-cell-research/basics-stem-cell-research.page http//stemcells.nih.gov/ entropy/basics/pages/basics6.aspx3. get wind, in a few paragraphs, the biotechnology that you researched. How is it currently be used and/or what are the hopes for its use in the future? al-Qaida cell research is a fairly new study which has gained a large amount of frequentity lately. Stem cells are cells that engender the dominance to drive specialized into different types of cells within the body. What this can do is help stand in damaged cells with healthy new cells since stem cells are able to alter to what is conducted. The research going on is to discover how this can be us ed medically to help cure major diseases out in that location in the world.There are many flairs to acquire stem cells. The most popular form is through the umbilical cord from the birth process. The other sort to acquire this is through the bone effect and from blood. Some other peasant methods include germ cells or organs of an aborted fetus, embryos made by in vitro fertilization and mature adult tissue cells reprogrammed to behave like stem cells. Most commonly however, stem cells are acquired through bone marrow and umbilical cords.4. Describe the positive aspects of this biotechnology, being as specific as possible.The positive outcomes of this can include a wide variety of possibilities. This has the likely to create multiple cures for diseases such as Parkinsons, Alzheimers, vision/hearing discharge and much more. Also, if a soldier was to be wounded with a elicit or fatal injury, stem cells may be able to inspire these problems and help lower casualty and death rat es in our military. In addition, with how convenient bone marrow can be found (seeing as every person has it), this can help those volume, who are in need of stem cells, easily acquire it on such short nonice.5. Describe the negativeaspects of this biotechnology, being as specific as possible.There is currently not exuberant research on stem cells to fully determine their potential as to what they can do. This is bad on both ends of the spectrum. If stem cells were to be proven useless, this would be considered a waste of time and money. If they prove to be extremely powerful and can transform into any cell possible, there may be talk that this kind of technology can be overwhelming. Overwhelming in the sense that what if these stem cells are powerful enough to piddle away a brand new human being? What if people use these stem cells on themselves to make themselves look 21 eld old until they die or remodel certain aspects of their body to make it so it fits their desire? It wil l be a sense of imposture out life by just getting the easy way out of a lot of issues. 6. Based on your research, what is your conclusion slightly whether or not this biotechnology should be used? Be convinced(predicate) to explain your answer.After conducting my own research I call back down stem cells should have more research put into them to discover their complete potential. If proven to be used for medical reasons such as to cure certain diseases, this should by all odds be implemented into the medical field (assuming there are no major side effects). This can be a huge promotion in the medical field and may be a discovery in saving many lives of dying individuals. I do believe that regardless of its potential, whether stem cells prove to be useful or useless, they should be kept away from the public and should only be kept in medical facilities and only used for medical purposes. I would not shade comfortable having people running around the streets with stem cells in their back pocket not knowing what they can do with them.

Life of Pi Pre-Read Socratic Seminar

Pi reflects on religion constantly, however he does mention that he of all time goes back to his Hindu customs and rituals that he grew up with. Do you accept that religious or people with strong belief systems growing up al instructions have that religion as their bases for many decisions in their liveness? Does that religious belief ever change? I whole tone as though the religion will always be the base for decisions. eventide if the psyche may stray away from that religion, the foundation that was put into their soul by that religion will stay. I know that for me, I grew up in a Christian environment.I went to all the Sunday school classes, VBS activities, volunteered at church, but I remember soon getting very foment with the very people who I knew to be Christian. My family were leaders within the Christian community pastors, musicians, trainers, wives of pastors, so it didnt quite make sense that I saw them in acts of betrayal, dishonesty, and anger toward one another . Despite my becoming deist at that point in my aliveness, I couldnt relinquish the moral philosophy that I had gr bear up with unconditional love for others, forgiveness, non-violence and conservation of the remains and mind.I may not have sensed Gods charge then and there, but the religion was still there. In all instances of my life, I still find myself trying my best to follow the morality I grew up with no matter what I come to believe. I wait that today in club it is important to raise our chel atomic number 18n in a well-mannered household. If a parent wishs them to grow up well, they must teach them first the morals they want their family to uphold. But they must also graze a certain amount of importance on it and let the child understand that it IS important and MUST be followed or it wont stick with them.I dont hark back that the religion or morals change, however meld themselves to fit the new beliefs of the person. If they believe so powerfully toward somethin g, they WILL keep it and honor it. Pi states that the compulsion to make life more livable by inventing a transgress accounting is innate(p) instinct both to mankind and animals a care. Is this so of society today? Do we still have the indispensableness to conform? How much of a better story can one make before it becomes too surrealistic? Psychologically it is a need to make ourselves look and feel good. It is a way for us to maintain an image of ourselves.Its a way we attract our mates and a good self-esteem booster. Confidence and trunk is key in this manhood for us to achieve our desires. We want to be agreeable, make a social situation run smoothly, and avoid racket and discord at all costs, yet we do that with the price of breakage the intimacy and trust that holds a bond together. I believe that in gild for humans to survive it needs to face the facts and deal with the blows as they come. Then and only then will certain strength of an undivided and that individu als relationship will come forth.I feel that if humanity continues to lie to themselves, things will not get done. Global Warming for show bailiwick is considered a myth by many be movement we dont want to accept the reality that it will cause our Earth great vilify that it will cause US great harm. The same with the re-invention of stories to make a person more appealing. We dont think they will cause harm, but they do. We break down trust and make in the wind up lose our loved ones and ourselves in the process. I believe ir is at this point we begin to question who we actually are and what we can unfeignedly achieve.However, I do also feel that as humanity grows deeper into crisis we need a way to escape from the harsh reality of the world. I think that as long as we are in our confines of our own mind, we can keep altering ourselves for betterment. In Pis case he seems to want to escape the past and pass the burden of his story to another person. When Orange Juice fights the hyena, the almost human-like nature of the orangutan disappears and she becomes violent. Pi realizes that personality that one shows does not always beat natural instinct.Name examples where this is true or provide evidence of where it doesnt. Can personality triumph everyplace instinct? Personality is a big part of how we shape ourselves. The similarities and differences are shown through how we react to the diversity in the world and how we create or destroy relationships with one another. When a person feels threatened by something, or similarly with an animal, they will react almost instinctively in order to protect their being. If a person feels threatened they will yell, kick, and go bat-shit crazy. So will an animal.There is a fine make between instinct and personality. everyplace the years we have learned to overcome it, but in measure of stress it comes out no matter how hard a person or animal has trained to keep it within. Its like in the Jungle Book You can take the boy out of the jungle, but you cant take the jungle out of the boy. The instinct is our bodys natural way of protecting ourselves. I do feel though that over time and through much work a person and an animal can overcome their fears and obstacles to becomes a less punishing being. So yes, personality will triumph both in my marrow squash and in Pis.I think that Pi saw this fine line of personality vs instinct and knew full well how even though society has become more modern, there are still things in this world that get throughset the balance natural disasters, politics, and religion. That is why I think Pi puts so much stress on the detail that to him religions were based off love and compassion toward everyone and everything. He is confused with how people react like animals when it comes to their beliefs. Simply put, they are threatened. Scared that the balance will now be leaning more towards one side and that another will pucker the power and become the Alpha being.

Macao Job Vacancy Issues in Hospitality Industry

Macao work organisation Vacancy Issues in Hospitality Industry Statistic Analysis Introduction This cogitation analyses key factors which result in vacancy issue in Macao hospitality industry with supportive statistics and information basically from 2009 to 2011. Since 2009, the influx tourist point keeps enlarging the tourism market. 18 In 2011 every Macao labour has received at least 80 tourists. (D1) The problem is that tourist growth straddle (up to15. 1% in 2010 and down to 12. 2%) has far exceeded the number of labour growth rate (1. 5% in 2010, to 3. % in 2011) of Macao, and the difference keeps becoming larger during the wear three years. (D5)So Macao labor market is obviously unable to feed the tourism industry employment gradually expanding need. 2 Job vacancy issues description In 2008 to 2010 periods, the constitutional percentage of vacancy subcontracts has been growing with the total amount of antic offered in hospitality industry from 7% to 8% in the total 50,2 71 offered gambols in 2010. According to the research, the hospitality billet vacancy problem mainly occurred on both management military capability (such as company attractor and senior manager) and rank-and-file position.In the same period, management position vacancies drop from 3% in 2008 and ended up with 1% in all vacancy jobs). Rank-and-file position vacancies occupation grew from 88. 2% in 2008 to 88. 5 %( 4,099 vacancies) in 2010 among all the job vacancies. Particularly, waiter/waitress, unskilled workers vacancies takes over 95% in the rank-and-file vacancies during the three years. Reasons for job vacancy issue analysis There argon two reasons trend the management position vacancy. First, limited quality of labor market.Till 2011, there are 26% of the total Macao labors are holding a college or higher(prenominal) educational degree, this percentage would be 15. 8% if excluded imported workers apart. 34Moreover, the lyric skills would lift the percentage even de moralise, as the most regular used language is Cantonese (83. 30%), and followed by Mandarin(5%), and English (2. 30%) respectively in 2011. Second, the omit of international exposure, makes Macao labors less competitive in the market, because of small amount of travels and business activities outside to western ountries. As for the rank-and-file job vacancy issue, mostly owes to lower salary, lower status, and certified labor importing policy. Low salary, especially for waiter/waitress, unskilled workers(around MOP6000), if compare with that(about MOP10,000) (D7)of rank-and-file positions in gaming industry which owns the similar job requirement In Macau, there are common negative attitudes toward approximately rank-and-file jobs, because of social status concerns.Jobs ilk waiter/waitress, cleaning and house keeping, is always in need. Conclusion and Recommendations In conclusion, with the rapid development of tourism industry, issues like naturally lacking of human resource(2 67,200 local labours10), limited qualified manpower14 and restricted labor importing policy, together will affect efficiency and military strength of the hospitality industry.In order to solve the job vacancy issues, government on the one mass, acts as a profound role in guaranteeing the earn and priorities for local labors, in the short term On the other hand government has being taken step improving the education organization during the years, by subsidizing application for studying professional subjects and tertiary education, 13in the long term.Recommendations for a company, such as arranging more practical training on management concepts and skills to develop local talents for senior positions Language training to put up to international customers and management is also an alternative Bring in security measuring sticks recognition system could be a good way to measure competence or set standard for employment, promotion and reward. Finally, its also the undivided respons ibility to making full use of the resources offered by public and tete-a-tete organization, get to ready for the global competition. Reference 1 4 ? 2011 2 http//news. china. com. cn/local/2012-03/29/content_25017774. htm 3 1. 8? http//www. macaodaily. com/hypertext markup language/2012-04/24/content_692714. htm 4 13/2010 http//bo. io. gov. mo/bo/i/2010/22/regadm13_cn. asp 52. 6 , , ,2011 6 http//www. bizintelligenceonline. com/content/ outlook/229/10/lang,/ 7 http//www. newmacau. org/cms/index. php? option=com_content&view=article&id=12902011-06-12-04-17-20&catid=92009-10-14-10-38-30&Itemid=23 8 http//www. chengpou. om. mo/news/2011/12/9/19932. hypertext markup language 9 ,2009 http//www. al. gov. mo/diario/l03/cs1-4/2009-120%20%2801-05%29. pdf 10 , ,2011 11 14 15 http//www. gov. cn/jrzg/2007-09/12/content_746039. htm 12 http//www. dsal. gov. mo/chinese/dfpcourse. htm 13Government to create databank for securing young talent http//www. macaudailytimes. com. mo/macau/35383-Gov ernment-create-databank-for-securing-young-talent. html 14 http//www. macaodaily. com/html/2011-12/31/content_660715. htm 15 http//www. acaodaily. com/html/2011-12/20/content_657692. htm 16 http//www. macaodaily. com/html/2012-03/19/content_682512. htm 17Macao workers happier, concerns lurking http//www. macaudailytimes. com. mo/macau/34953-Macau-workers-happier-concerns-lurking. html 18Macaus GDP growth rate slows to 20. 7 pct in 2011 http//www. macaunews. com. mo/content/view/1667/53/lang,english/ 19 http//www. dsec. gov. mo/Statistic. aspx draw 1 20082010 ( ) 2008? 2009? 2010? 2293. 3185 2175. 214 2496. 5411 323. 4 323. 9 336. 3 pic plot 2 20092010 ( ) pic -2010? 11 20102011 ( ) pic -2011? 11 Diagram 3 20092011 ( ) 2009? ? 1? ? 2? ? 3? ? 4? 15176 14250 17272 18222 9216 7027 9331 10325 5960 7223 7941 7897 2010? ? 1? ? 2? ? 3? ? 4? 14860 29878 44460 45585 8845 12753 14705 13769 6015 17125 29775 31816 2011? ? 1? ? 2? ? 3? ? 4? 47404 525 25 64091 60961 14199 16912 19554 21278 33205 35613 44537 39683 Diagram 4 pic Diagram 5 pic 2009? 2010? 2011? -1. 00% 1. 50% 3. 80% -6. 20% 15. 10% 12. 20% Diagram 6 2008? 2010 ( ) 2008? 2009? 2010? 6617 6490 6470 6468 6340 7850 5619 6080 6100 5633 5820 5830 10045 10580 10730 13974 13360 13710 Diagram 7 2008? 2010 pic Diagram 8 ( ) pic Diagram 9 (? ) (? ) (? ) 15. 7(5. 0%) 13. 9(4. 3%) 14. 8(4. 4%) 52. 3(16. 6%) 55. 8(17. 4%) 52. 5(15. 7%) 172. 6(54. 7%) 177. 6(55. 5%) 189. 8(56. 6%) 75. 2(23. 8%) 73. 0(22. 8%) 78. 3(23. %) 315. 8 320. 2 335. 4 Diagram 11 , , , ? 4-5 3 , , ( ) , 18-45? , , , ( ) , ,

Advertising & Marketing

Advertising may be describe as the science of arresting human intelligence long comely to get money from it. This quote as stated by Stephen Lealock who was a renowned economist and humorist gives an ideal description of the category of advertizing that I would be flowing in this paper.There atomic count 18 several com/how-does- advert-influence-peoples-behaviour/kinds of publicizing techniques that can be followed but the implementation of any one depends upon the spirit of the product. When persuading the target market into purchasing a product that they do non necessarily need, the medium that would be chosen should be satisfactory to stick impact so as the consumer may not be able to ignore it. An idyllic media for this type of advert is the use of television ads or promos.Advertising is a corpse of above-the-line promotion as it is usually directed towards the entrance target market by selecting certain media but it is likely that many people who atomic number 18 un likely to purchase the product might image the advertising too.Advertisements be often classified into two types informative advertisement, which are the adverts that give information about the product much(prenominal) as the price, main(prenominal) features or technical specifications.The other form is Persuasive advertising, which is the process of creating a distinct brand image or identity and it may not contain details or specifications about the product.There are a number of factors that affect the choice of medium that is to be used for advertisements. The major considerations are of the cost of advertising, the size of the earshot, the message to be communicated, the law and other constraints.Television ads are a form of broadcast advertisements and it is one of the most popular advertising medium that there is. The issues that need to be considered when launching television advertisement include the duration of the advertisement, the time of broadcast and the channel on which the advertisement would be broadcasted. All these factors need to be considered with respect to the target audience.When interchange a product that is not a necessity or unavoidableness for the people, it would be feasible to use the persuasive advertisement approach. First, the target audience needs to be recognized. Television has the advantage of catering to a cock-a-hoop audience and of existence a more active and dynamic form of advertisement.It is important for television commercials to be attractive and eye catching. The pith of the ads would strike the target audience. For example, when addressing teenagers, a celebrity appearance in an ad could be influential. Similarly, humor, script and other factors need to be considered according to the market that is being targeted.A new revolution in television ads is the documentary style ads, which is a new concept in television commercials where commercials are created in such a fashion that they seem more like tele vision content and hence, retain more customers.In conclusion, it should be stated that television advertisements are verbalise to be the most influential in mass marketing as they attract the consumers and hook an interest in them about the product. Moreover, with upcoming concepts such as the documentary style advertisements, viewers do not pure tone that their television programs are being interrupted and do not abridge these commercials.Therefore, television can target a large market, and can psychologically persuade them into developing an interest in the product and thus buying something that they did not really need prior to the advertisement.Works CitedBaker, M.J (2001). Marketing critical thought on business and management. Taylor and Francis.

Symbolism in Janus

4 Jonathan W unnoticeable English 1900B Ian McAdam September 29th,2012 Symbolism in Janus The trough was just a bun. (Beattie 455) In the short stage Janus writer Anne Beattie uses a simple whorl to be the central centralize of symbolism in the novel. The gutter can be interpreted to symbolise or represent many different things. The axial motion belongs to the protagonist of the story Andrea, a successful real estate constituent who is married to her economise of many years. It has been argued that the bowl symbolizes everything from the carriage that Andrea lives or the world that Andrea lives in.Though there atomic number 18 strong arguments for these arguments among many others, I believe the strongest evidence of what the bowl symbolizes is a personality or traits of a character that repeats itself throughout the story. This character is not so coincident totallyy the title of the short story Janus. In the following essay I will argue that the bowl symbolizes an anc ient divinity by the name of Janus and all of his traits powers or attributes. Beattie uses the bowl to symbolize all of the traits of the ancient divinity fudge thru the flavour of our protagonist Andrea.To begin we must run into who this god was believed to be so we can relate it to the story. Janus is the Roman god of gates and doors, beginnings and endings, and hence represented with a double-faced head, each feeling in opposite directions. He was worshipped at the beginning of the glean date, planting, spousal relationship, birth, and other types of beginnings, especially the beginnings of important events in a persons life. Janus as well represents the conversion between primitive life and civilization, between the countryside and the city, peace and war, and the growing-up of young people. (Janus) 4As mentioned above, it is no coincidence that Beattie chose this title. The two faces Janus the god has is a symbolism in itself, it symbolizes untruth as I interpret tw o-facedness as being deceitful or as Beattie writes tricked. We will learn that Andrea herself, proves to be deceitful and deceived, she is tricked herself. Andrea also is also stuck between two different lifes as we come to learn. She is stuck in the ticker of new beginnings and endings in her relationships. Andrea seems unsure or lacks he courage to specify which path she would like to take. Andreas life had many doorways she could ave opened, unfortunately for Andrea, she stays on the doorstep. on that point are two important factors of Andreas life that the bowl plays a major part in, her tender life and her professional life. Lets begin with Andreas social life. Andrea is married to her husband of several years. Though Andrea and her husband wipe out been together for a few years, they take over no children together. Andrea and her husband both have their own successful careers as Andrea is a real estate agent and her husband a stock broker. For all the financial success they enjoy, their marriage was far from perfect.Both Andrea and her husband are a lot alike yet distant from each other. They were both quiet people- reflective, slow to make honor judgments. (Beattie 455) Their relationship is where the symbolism of bowl comes into play, the bowl was a gift from a former loer of Andreas. The bowl was actually a gift from a former lover. She had first seen the bowl several years earlier, at a crafts fair she had visited half in secret, with her lover. (Beattie 456) Andrea hid the origins of the bowl from her husband which is evidence of her two-facedness, There were quantify where she wanted to talk to her usband about the bowl. (Beattie 455)The fact that Andrea has kept the origins of bowl rom her husband is an example of her deception. It also shows an involuntariness to permit go of the past. If Andrea wanted to rid herself of the memories of this former relationship, would she not rid herself of all gifts or memories from the relationshi p? Instead she grows an unhealthy attachment to the bowl over time, valuing it over her relationship with her husband. Communications issues are just the start of the 4 business with Andrea. Andrea is not without guilt, she does show an urge to talk to her husband about he bowl, however her fear and the consequences that could come from it were stronger. Doors would be opened and closed, perhaps she would have to let go of the bowl, something she seems unwilling to do. Her relationship ended with her lover because of her indecision, her unwillingness to start something new and close the door on her marriage. Her lover give tongue to that she was always too slow too fill out what she really loved.Why appease with her life the way it was? Why be two-faced, he asked her. He had do the first move toward her. When she would not decide in his favour, would not hange her life and come to him, he asked her what made her think she could have it both ways. (Bettie 456) Beattie gives us strong evidence of the symbolism of the bowl. Andreas career is the other important verbalism of her life where the bowl greatly influences her decisions and contains more strong evidence of its symbolism. As mentioned, Andrea is a successful real estate agent. (She had a very lucrative year selling real estate.Word spread, and she had more clients than she felt comfortable with. (Beattie 455) Andrea use the bowl as well as other tricks to help her in her career, or so she thought. When she thought that some prospective buyers might be dog lovers, she would drop off her dog at the same time she would place the bowl in the house that was up for sale. It can be argued that there is nothing morally wrong with these tricks that Andrea used to sell houses, I would agree. Yet the real deception comes from the bowl itself. Andrea has allowed the bowl to take acknowledgment for work she has done, allowing the bowl to deceive her.She was sure that the bowl brought her luck. (Beattie 45 5 Bids were frequently correct in on houses where she had displayed the bowl. There is no evidence at all to suggest that the bowl influences the sale of the house. There is no psyche that customers like the look of the bowl, some even inquiring on where the bowl came from. Once Andrea got a call from a woman who had not put in an offer on a house she had shown her. That bowl, she said- would it be doable to find out where the owners had bought that 4 beautiful bowl. Andrea pretended that she did not know what the woman was referring to. (Beattie 454)This is more evidence of Andreas two-facedness or deceit, ill will mean or not, Andrea is not ompletely honest with her clients. Unfortunately for Andrea, she allows the bowl to deceive her, persuade her that it is the cause she closes so many houses. How could a bowl do this, The bowl was just a bowl. (Beattie 455) I do believe Beattie shifts the meaning of the bowl throughout the story. At times the bowl represents Andreas li fe, how material things are the yet things she values, it shows a dependency on material things because of her passionless marriage. Other times the bowl represents her inability to make a decision or to let go of her past relationship.It symbolizes her fear of choosing a path, choosing a door, closing relationships and starting signal new. Andrea instead allows the bowl to dictate her decisions. As mentioned above, arguments can and have be made for many different meanings . the bowl always returns to its roots. It came from a hidden relationship, it is used to trick home buyers. The bowl is a representation of a past relationship, one she had an opportunity to start a new life with, yet she didnt. She is stuck in the middle of two doors, two paths. There is no beginning or end for Andrea because she evidently lacks the courage or .The bowl represents the two-faced nature of Andrea, her trickery her two relationships. It deceives Andrea in convincing her that it is the reason for her success. The bowl was just a bowl. (Beattie 455) All these examples directly symbolize the traits or attributes of the ancient god Janus Works Cited 1. Beattie, Ann. Janus. The Norton Introduction to Literature. Ed. Allison Booth, Kelly J. Mays. New York Norton, 2010. 453-456. 2. Janus. encyclopaedia Mythica. 2012. Encyclopedia Mythica Online. 01 Oct. 2012 www. pantheon. org/articles/j/janus. html.

Leadership Analysis

Running brain SCHOLARSHIP, PRACTICE, AND LEADERSHIP Scholarship, Practice, and Leadership Essay Cory A. Muhammad University of Phoenix training and entropy Literacy In a US society where selective study literacy is considered a luxury and non a human right enables intellectual illiteracy limits to be pushed to the max. Its a nightm be how some can be deceived and taken return of or even locked out of opportunities by those who demonstrate the utilization of info literacy.The confide for current and upcoming generations desiring access to study through school textbook is becoming scarce. Re lookers found that current and possible future generations would rather visualise videos or tutorials instead of reading information found in text materials. Experts suggested that they preferred to view information rather than read it, and so tended to recognize information that was graphic every(prenominal)y represented rather than just text-based (Venkatraman, 2009, p. 6).To dayt ime in spite of appearance the environment of education we are experiencing an increasing need for individuals to take interests in their own learning and exposure to information literacy for a variety of reasons a) It gives learners the cleverness to shape exposed to higher education and technology b) Enables learners to communicate (using technology) in an educational setting, and c) Prepares students to relate to the divers(a) generations of learners. In this essay I go forth discuss how information literacy relates to the scholar/practitioner/ authoriseership model.Higher learning and Technology Anyone pursuing higher education go forth have to accomplish use to the ideal of incorporating scholar practice of information literacy. As learners modernise stronger in the use of information literacy, we can expose ourselves to higher educational opportunities such as Universities, trade colleges, skill centers, or career enhancement programs. Once an individual can be expos ed to the various information located in most libraries all information retrieved completely enhances all researched subjects and allows for more profound subject content.In higher education information literacy plays a major role in the use of technology. Technology is an inwrought learning tool used amongst students and professionals today. data illiteracy can lead to the mis-understanding and fear of technology. Information illiteracy can ultimately cause generational gaps in communication as-well. When one generation has not adequately prepared for the trend of another generation (generation X) vs. (Generation Y), this is a clear indication of information illiteracy. The new generation communicates in an integrated way, leveraging the technology thats available. However libraries and other information admitrs have fundamental problems in adapting, Theyre not keeping up with the demand of these researchers, who live in the wider internet space, (Venkatraman, 2009, p. 6). Educ ation and Communication Using Technology Computer literacy, Internet literacy, e-mail functionality, search engine and database literacy are a few amongst a huge compass of technology functions in our ever changing world we live in.Information literacy allows learners the opportunity to become literate in the world of technology and the use of wonderful tools to gain better performance in processing day to day tasks. The flipside to this same coin is information illiteracy prevents people from versed about the reality of technology and its benefit. Information literacy ultimately improves the learners flavour of life as they are being exposed to first-class methods of functioning, as well as make themselves marketable from possessing education. Most are not even aware of the potential help that is available to them.Libraries, which provide the best access point to information for most U. S. citizens, are leftover untapped by those who most need help to improve their quality of life (Association of College & Research Libraries, 1989). Communication Channels to Transcend Generations Information literacy ensures opportunity for open communication channels between different generations of learners, or leadership teams. Adequate communications through information literacy develops leadership amongst the educational atmosphere. The one who has the ability to relate to the various generations can easily go away from the groups as a leader.Learning and professional environments benefit a enormous deal when an open line of communications exists between generations incorporating, wisdom, companionship, desire, energy, and perspective. Information literacy allows for generations to be aware of all(prenominal) others benefit, but also rely on each other for constant innovation and progress. Information illiteracy will barely promote detraction from any information or understanding of various generations and a low desire for people to pursue higher education. th ere is a danger of a new elite developing in our country the information elite (Venkatraman, 2009, p. 6). Information literacy on the other hand, promotes the desire of individuals to continue to pursuing knowledge, and learning. In conclusion, the articles researched on information literacy revealed the current teach in our country regarding information illiteracy. Grades K-12, secondary, post secondary, graduate and even doctoral learning suffers from information illiteracy. Students not engaging in intense research fail to use credible sources that handicap their ability to broaden their knowledge on specific subject matter.Students abilities to incorporate diverse forms of information literacy will enhance their educational experience and make it a more lifelong and fulfilling learning experience. By restructuring the learning process learners can develop skills to become practitioners of information literacy. Information literacy helps set up various frameworks for individuals to resolve object lesson dilemmas. The continued development of information literacy models could provide students and professionals within organizations the relatable life skills essential for the scholar/practitioner/leadership model.References Association of College & Research Libraries. (1989). Presidential mission on Information Literacy Final Report. Retrieved from http//news. ala. org/ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/publications/whitepapers/presidential. cfmopp. on June 7, 2009. Lauer, S. , & Yodanis, C. (2004, July). The International Social follow Programme (ISSP) A Tool for Teaching with an International Perspective. Teaching Sociology, 32(3), 304-313. Retrieved June 7, 2009, from SocINDEX with full Text database. Venkatraman, A. (2009,

Identity And Belonging: Skin. “We find strength where we belong” Essay

Little microphone is only five years old. Clenching onto his oerprotects fingers, he stands intimidated in front of a confronting building, which is obviously to be called his School for the next thirteen daunting years of his life. non wanting to leave his mum, his sharp screech breaks through the usual laggard of the passing crowd, accompanied by the crocodile tears trickling down his blushed cheeks. It is preferably his worship of being separated from his parents which troubles him more than making new-made friends outside of his niche. I cant do it mom microphone roars, I fatiguet want to go Unfortunately, his beg for mercy is unheard, or rather disregarded under his fathers order. Mike Get over it, you have to go now we are freaking late for work Although it is evaluate by Mike to do what his father de gayds, it is his mum who unwillingly pushes him towards the School. Youll be fine love, she assures Mike, trust me. The two words, trust me, strike Mike handle nothing e lse present around him not the School bell, not still his fathers uninterrupted rumble, yet only the two words.Mike somehow gathers the courage to defy his fears, and proceeds several steps come along to the School. While the sight of his mother seems to disappear, he notices more children surrounding him, anyway whom stands the principal griming at Mike. Hey young man he waves. Anxious of this strange domain, Mike bursts into tears and sprints back to his mother, Dont leave me, enthrall he grabs onto her hand. This, is where little Mike belongs, where he finds his strength, his family. Enough Mike she says, go out there and make some new friends Mike is compelled to survey his parents leave him. He now feels that they have excluded him, in fact, he believes they do not love him anymore, afterward all, they left him all alone without considering his feelings, and deep down inside, he understands that thats not the case he know that his mum still loves him as much as before. Panning his tutelage towards his classmates, Mike observes what they are doing.He notices a group of boys hitting a ball around a square, soon enough realising that its his favourite halting of down ball. Aye come play with us one of them calls out to Mike. we request more players. This evokes a strong sense of confidence within Mike, after all he knows hes the king of down ball, he aces that game And now, since he has got a chance to show off his skills, he is more than happy to join them. Mike rushes to the squares sure he utters. Hey man whats your name?Mike, and you? Im James, this is Dylan, thats Andrew, and shes Bianca. Here, youre supposed to be in this square. James continues. The boys start playing their game, and its not late before Mike is promoted to Kings from Dunce, neither is it late before Mikes friends realize his skills. Far out Andrew hes rattling good, Bianca compliments.While Mike pretends not to care, he is blushing, and his appreciation is clearly seeable on his face. Brah do you wanna play tomorrow? Dylan asks, amazed of Mikes talent. Yeah man, he replies, feeling much more accepted in the premises of what was once only his anxiety. It seems as if it was just a subject field of minutes before Mike would find his strength in his new School and amongst his new strength, his new mates. Mike his mum screams, You forgot your lunch produce here and get it Yeah mom, wait a minute He shouts back Were nearly finished

Managing Diversity at Spencer Owens Essay

The definition of salmagundi The sentiment of various(a)ness encompasses acceptance and respect. It means arrangement that each undivided is unique, and recognizing our individual diversions. These freighter be along the dimensions of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, age, physical abilities, religious beliefs, policy-making beliefs, or early(a) ideologies. It is the exploration of these differences in a safe, positive, and nurturing environment. It is about understanding each other and moving beyond simple tolerance to embracing and celebrating the rich dimensions of revolution contained within each individual.1Two corporations who pay back enforced variety show efforts and provoke mountt with the benefits and ch everyenges of these efforts atomic number 18 Spencer Owens & Co. and Cityside Financial go. When examining both variety show efforts, it is beta to understand how puff up each caller has through with previous and give steering efforts, the problems the companies ar facing in a flash and the rear of operations causes of these problems. While these companies engage apply their own efforts to diversify their staff, it is important to examine the similarities and differences in managing transmutation.Spencer Owens & Co.How well has Spencer Owens move intoe in its diversity efforts?Spencer Owens recent past shows a great deal of effort congeal into diversifying their playforce. In the mid-1980s, Spencer Owens & Co. initiated a strategy to diversify the confederations employees from entry-level to executive ranks. Prior to this start date, the friendship had an all- dis food pretensioning executive manful police squad. From the start of this initiative, Spencer Owens did very well on its diversity efforts to hire muckle on their merits and for their capacities to do what is prognosticateed or infallible of them. To implementthe plan, the company set hiring goals, communicating them to all employees and creating accountability. Over the next ten years, this in turn created opportunities for women and mountain of color to become part of the team and progress c atomic number 18er paths for them to be future leaders in various departments of the company. undermentioned the start of this weapons platformme (1985-1995), Spencer Owens was considered the most diverse staff in its patience accounting for 50% of the staunchs 150 managers and skippers were women, and 30% were mint of color. Additionally, during this period, people of color that were engage into entry-level positions had been promoted and moved up into managerial positions. quadruplet out of the12 member executive team were women and three were people of color. across-the-board involvement in the efforts to attract, recruit and retain minorities and women in becoming managers, professional staff and directors were a anchor priority to the tight. Spencer Owens overly knew that a key to inner diversity was to ensure the companys policies and overall committedness to an equitable workplace by instituting plausive action goals, along with, scrappy hiring and advancement practices that set game qualification and surgical process hurdles.2The team at Spencer Owens was proud of their companys commitment to fairness and equivalence and to encourage the employees to be color silver screen to gender and ethnic differences. Along with this strategy, the firm as well as initiated sensitivity pedagogy and held follow-up discussions. Multiple employees commented, Everyone is the like and treated the aforesaid(prenominal). With feedback from these trainings and discussions, the firm went a step further to create ne twainrking sorts for women and people of color.How well be they doing outright? Why is the firm now having trouble?Recently, Spencer Owens diversity efforts have witnessed great changes epoch also encountering many issues and problems. In 2000, the firm hire d Agnes Richards, their first woman executive in 45 years. Over the grad of the next three years, Richards notice that the diversity efforts were slowly unraveling and affecting the productiveness of the company. Forexample, Richards noticed friction among race relations, people of color were bringing charges of racialism against the clean-living workers, and there were new complaints do by the two net work groups. single of the first steps that Richards and her leaders team took was to reinstate the sensitivity trainings. However, it was noticed that there was hapless attendance among the racial and ethnic minorities. In access to these issues, Richards fired an Afri stomach-American female manager due to tardiness issues and for portraying a bad attitude. At that point, employees became angry and frustrated.Due to the firms problems, Richards hired consultants to study the firms race and gender relations. The interviews revealed the following Employees have c erstwhilerns a bout the affirmative action initiative. White employees nip that the diversity program is adversely affecting the quality of the firms work. It is perceive that white male managers are opposed to new methods brought forth by newer employees. mass of color are critical of affirmative action program, including superficial results and feel that they are tolerated and not accepted. People of color feel their thoughts are slow dismissed. Perception that the network groups defend the minorities of the company. Overall feeling of retaliation and consternation of creation called a racist.What is the root cause (or causes)?Spencer Owenss favoritism-and-fairness paradigm, which measures progress in diversity by how well the company achieves its recruitment and retention goals p tie inably than by the degree to which conditions in the company allow employees to draw on their personal assets and perspectives to do their work much effectively, had created a cognitive blind spot. As a result, the companys leadership could not puke the problem accurately or solve it effectively.10 Instead, the company strikeed a cultural shift it exigencyed to grasp what to do with its diversity once it had achieved the numbers. Because of senior managers resistance to a cultural transformation, Spencer Owens continues to struggle with the tensions rising from the diversity of its manpower.10The root causes of these problems is that the employees need to feel that the ways they may be contrasting are understood and accepted.3 With the de-emphasis of sensitivity trainings and follow-up discussions, the team became isolated in their views on diversity versus affirmative action goals. The misunderstandings became apparent with the original complaint to consider people on their merits and for their capacities to do what is expected or required of them. Many minority employees place they gain a sense of belong in the workplace when their employers create opportunities for workers with diverse backgrounds to interact with others and to become twisting as apart of a group.3The networks were a great idea for employees to feel connected to the company however, the execution was not done properly. These diversity programs could have helped employees of contrary backgrounds by communicating feelings and becomes about climbing the corporate ladder or breaking through the glass celiling.3 However, these network groups became defenders for women and the other minorities due to the perception of treatment, opportunities, miscommunicating between the minorities and the white employees.Additional root causes for the show problems include employees wanting fair treatment, a sense of belonging, understanding and acceptance, and a feeling that they are contributing.Cityside Financial ServicesHow well has Cityside Financial Services done in its diversity efforts?Cityside Financial Services has done well in diversity efforts. In 1999, after 69 years of being in short letter, the company had become very much diversified with half(prenominal) of the employees in the company being females and 90% of the support staff was African American. In addition, 53% of middle managers, 42% of senior managers, and 25% executives were African American. Cityside operated as two units in their Sales Division sell operationsand External locates. The retail operations unit was filled with mostly African American employees. The external deposits unit was made up of mostly white college graduates. Nearly come to numbers of managerial positions existed in each unit, endowment whites and b pretermits similar advancement opportunities. Bank employees agreed that, If you did your job well, youll be acknowledge and promoted for it. 4 As stated in the term, Over the years, Cityside Bank highly- unquestionable a reputation for being a high-functioning, multicultural organization.While the banking concern itself was deemed to be a multicultural organization, the two sales units were founded on two separate and distinct models that it was described by one executive as two dissimilar banks. While the bank was diversified as a whole, these two units were very much specialized to their distinct client base. This withdrawal of duties and ethnicities has led to some of the problems that the company presently is facing. While the External put forward team was described as white, smart, dedicated and loyal workaholics, it was also express that its not the perfect job for glum staff that need a salary, may be hard-working, but not at that level.In addition, some of the other red flags to the present problems included wealthy individuals quetch about the limited services being offered to them, other clients in sell Operations feeling overshadowed by wealthier clients in External Deposits (and were leaving the bank), and the lack of understanding (no clear guidelines) by Retail and External as the outstrip way to get by the new market seg ment. This lack of coordination compromised the banks efficiency and created trust issues between these two departments as to the best way to help clients.How well are they doing now? Why is the firm now having trouble?While the company continues to master(prenominal)tain an overall diversified work staff, they are now encountering earthshaking issues in their diversity efforts. One of the main causes of the problems that Cityside is now facing is that they have sectionalized the company with African American employeesworking in the Retail Operations department and the white employees working in the External Deposits department. Per the head of External Deposits, she commented that the problem is what is expected of senior trouble here has a cultural bias towards whites. Its not to say that African Americans arent also able to do all that. exactly because of historical racial issues, they have been limited. According to one black officeholder in Retail, he commented that white workers would not be able to handle the demands of the Retail unit. He continued to say that (whites) wouldnt know what to do with people in this neighborhood.This bias ties into ethnocentrism, which represents the feelings that ones cultural rules and norms are superior or more appropriate than the rules and norms of another glossiness.5 In addition, poor career planning shows another problem that African Americans have faced as potential candidates in the External Deposit unit.When Ron Wilkens, one of the investors of the bank, wanted to learn more about how the black workforce viewed its career prospects, it was noted that the root problem was how they (African Americans) were perceived by the whites. Was he deemed as a decision maker and someone that understands the customer where his thoughts are tugn seriously or is he someone that is viewed as trustworthy at operationally making things work? His black officer commented that he is respected by white colleagues, but question ed the value of his function to the firm seen by his white colleagues.While there is diversity in the company as a whole, there needs to be more diversity in each division to ensure that each employee is given an equal chance to take and that customers are offered the best goods and services as possible.What do these cases have in prevalent?There are some significant similarities between the two cases. First, both companies originally had an all-white staff. Both companies instituted programs to diversify their teams. For example, Spencer Owens take anaffirmative action plan while Cityside initiated an aggressive minority program. afterward these programs were implemented, both companies had double-digit percentages of their workforce made up of women and African Americans. It was noted in both cases that these companies were recognized in their industries as greatly achieving a multicultural organization. With that, both firms committed to a fair nest for advancing all employ ees.It was also noted that as the diverse programs were in action, both companies began to experience compromised efficiency as the staff began to have problems working together. At Spencer Owens, the affirmative action movement left some employees feeling alienated and unappreciated. The article states, Many non-white professionals reported having their ideas routinely disregarded. Furthermore, a Latino programmer staff member explained, Until white people discover an idea, until they express it with their own words in their style, its as if it doesnt exist.This comment is similar to the quote made by one employee at Cityside who stated, When a white man disagrees, hes being strong. Hes taken with respect. When a black man disagrees, hes being negative and whiny, militant and resistant of like Malcolm X. Both quotes show that while the companies made strides as utmost as diversifying their employee base, there is still a great difference in the way the ideas and contributions of white and minority employees are perceived.With this comparison summary, in both cases, the working environment involves how employees perceive one another. This is labeled as societal cognition and social information processing. Social cognition is the study of how people make sense of other people and themselves. The perception process influences a host of managerial activities, organizational processes, and quality of life issues.5Additionally, stereotyping employees is also seen in both these case studies. At Cityside, African-American employees in the Retail Operations unit are deemed to be able to better tint to the local federation, which is predominately African American. At Spencer Owens, there is a stomp threat in which white managers are in fear of administer people of color inthat any constructive feedback could be perceived as being criticized and subsequently being called a racist. Lastly, both companies conducted interviews and developed surveys to better unders tand the minds of the staff in order to get to the root cause(s) of why tensions were on the rise.What differences do these two cases have?The main difference in the two cases is the onrush the companies took to diversity. As previously stated, Spencer Owens used the discrimination and fairness paradigm, which has a focus on equal opportunity, fair treatment, recruitment, and respect with federal Equal Employment Opportunity requirements. 10 This approach can make employees feel equal, but it can also lead to feelings of delirium and a loss of identity to the employees. This may be what led to the reasoning by elimination of sensitivity training. In a sense, if we are all equal and are basically the same type of person, then there is no need to be sensitive to our differences, since this approach aims to eliminate the differences entirely. This approach is what led to the problems now being seen in Spencer Owens.Cityside used an approach called the Access and Legitimacy Paradigm . Supporters of this approach believed that you need access to and legitimacy with-a more diverse clientele by matching the demographics of the organization to those of critical consumer or constituent groups. 10 Cityside put African-American employees in retail because they would be dealing with mostly clients of the same race and culture and this would give the company legitimacy in the community and increase sales. Where this approach went wrong is that it alienated African-American employees and clients. While the discrimination-and-fairness paradigm used by Spencer Owens aims to make all employees equal and the same, access-and-legitimacy, takes the opposite approach and separates employees by race, not allowing the two to work together or grow in their roles in the company.What approach to diversity might have been more effective in each of these cases?Diversity and Affirmative Action remainderAffirmative action is selective in mandating changes that benefit previously sing le out groups. It is an outgrowth of Equal Employment Opportunity legislation.5 Diversity is inclusive, encompassing everyone in the workplace. It seeks to create a working environment in which everyone and every group fits, feels accepted, has value, and contributes.6 Managing diversity, while based on cultural change, is a pragmatic business strategy that focuses on maximizing the productivity, creativity and commitment of the workforce while meeting the needs of diverse groups.7Approaches to diversity that might have been more effective in these casesManaging diversity entails recognition of the unique contribution every employee can make.5 Managing diversity also moves beyond valuing diversity in that it is a way in which to do business and should be reorient with other organizational strategic plans.6 Diverse employees offer an extraordinarily massive range of proficiencies for doing business in any marketplace. The following are different approaches that Wilkens and Richards could have taken to be more effective in their efforts (see pen 8)1. To attract young, new hires, college career fairs allow an employer to target people of color and women who may be good potential employees. 2. Employee referral programs good employees typically confederate with other good potential friends and associates. By implementing a program where employees refer other good candidates, employers can identify and reach out to others of the same race or background. 3. Recruitment enlightened employers know that they need to take a hard look at their own tactics for generating diverse job candidates. These organizations take a serious look at their internal assessment around recruiting. With this, employers target key groups of employees and then mentor them so that they are able to navigate the system boomingly.4. Education/trainings a successful diversity program go away also educate all of a companys employees to understand the business rationale behind their efforts. That way, the employees who dont directly benefit from a companys diversity effortsunderstand that they still have a stake in the programs success. In addition, encouraging employees to participate in skills-based volunteer projects can help unleash targeted skills.5 5. Mentoring programs It is important to understand that a company cannot expect to change in corporate culture unless you get your full employee base involved. Partnering lower level employees with senior level employees, including diverse and promising professionals of color mentor-mentee sponsorships, may help facilitate the understanding of working together.6. Merit systems performance standards should be based on a thorough job analysis. Standards should be periodically updated. It is also suggested that the standards not be based on traits and reputation factors focus should be on behavior or performance what the employee does.9 7. partnership philosophy seeking out practices that emphasize equality and teamwor k in earnings and decision-making.What should Wilkens/Richards do to turn things around?In addition to considering the above seven items, Wilkens and Richards should contemplate the following actions1. Reinstate sensitivity trainings this needs to be mandate for all employees to improve the negative relationships between the teams diversity as a workgroup, to help with conflict management and interpersonal dynamics.5 This training will help to encourage collaborative behavior and improve communication efforts amongst the groups. a. Diversity should be understood as the varied perspectives and approaches to work that members of different identity groups bring.102. Take steps to reduce negative effects of unconscious mind stereotyping and increase the use of group goals in heterogeneous groups. Rewarding groups to obtain group goals might encourage group members to focus on their common objectives rather than on demographic faultiness that are unrelated to performance. a. The lea dership team essential understand that a diverse workforce will embody different perspectives and approaches to work, and must truly value variety of opinion and insight.3. The leadership team must recognize both the learning opportunities and the challenges that the tone of differentperspectives presents for an organization.104. The organizational culture must create an expectation of high standards from everyone.10 5. The organizational culture must stimulate personal development.10 6. The organizational culture must encourage openness and make workers feel valued.10 7. The organization must have a well-articulated and widely understood mission.10ConclusionWilkens and Richards must pull ahead that increasing demographic variation does not in itself increase organizational effectiveness. They need to realize that it is how a company defines diversity and what it does with the experiences of being a diverse organization that delivers on the promise.10These companies should devel op an outlook on diversity that enables them to incorporate employees perspectives into the main work of the organization and to enhance work by rethinking primary tasks and redefining markets, products, strategies, missions, business practices, and even cultures. By instituting this learning-and-effectiveness paradigm for managing diversity, Wilkens and Richards will implore into true diversity benefits.10References1. http//gladstone.uoregon.edu/asuomca/diversityinit/definition.html 2. Ely, Robin. (April 17, 2006). Managing Diversity at Spencer Owens & Co. 3. Grensing-Pophal, Lin, (May 2002). Reaching for Diversity Efforts in the Workplace. 4. Ely, Robin. (April 17, 2006). Managing Diversity at Cityside Financial Services 5. Kreitner, Robert & Knicki, Angelo. (9th Edition/2010). Organizational carriage 6. Stonybrook University. Diversity and Affirmative Action Difference 7. www.business-marketing.com/store/affirmvsdiv.html8. www.boston.com/jobs/diversity. (May 9, 2004). Diversity Works How allEmployees Benefit. 9. Hodge, John. (June 1, 1993). affinity between managing diversity and merit-based systems. 10. Thomas, David A. and Ely, Robin A. (September/October 1996). Making Differences Matter A forward-looking Paradigm for Managing Diversity.

Gainesboro Machine Tools Corporation Essay

Kendle foreign Inc.We looked at the competitive landscape and, found on what was happening, k refreshful we were either passing play to sell Kendle, formulate or disappear.It was clearthorn 1997, and Candace Kendle, the chairman and chief executive officer of Kendle International Inc. (Kendle), and her husband Christopher C. Bergen, the prexy and chief operating officer, were reviewing the stpacegic options for their Cincinnati, Ohio establish fellowship. Kendle, a descent they had founded eitherplace 15 years previously, conducted clinical trials for pharmaceutic and biotechnology companies to test the pencil eraser and faculty of their new do medicatess. The attach to had gr witness prosperously to $13 billion of exchanges and had attracted meaning(a) business from major pharmaceutic and biotechnology companies. Kendle was competing, however, with some(prenominal) bulge issuesizer get down research organizations ( orbit), many of which had an international presence that eachowed them to do clinical studies outside the fall in States and gave them an advantage when competing for major retchs.To grapple lots in effect(p)ly, Candace and Chris had embarked on a plan to grow through accomplishment, particularly internation ally, and to pay this growth through a globe whirl of equity. Toward this end, by the kick back of 1997 Kendle had named up twain potential europiuman accomplishmentsU-Gene, a range in the Netherlands with 1996 sales of $12.5 one one million million million million, and gmi, a Germanbased range with $7 million in sales. To finance these acquisitions, Kendle had act up hotshotd out achiev fit debt backing with Nationsbank and was working with two coronation banks on an Initial Public Offering ( initial public offering) that would repay the bank debt if successful and provide the equity base for future acquisitions. It was now m to answer whether to go out front with the entire course of study o f two acquisitions, a large debt financial backing and an equity issue.Kendle HistoryCandace and Chris met in 1979 while working at The Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia. Candace had reliable her docto consec drift in pharmacy from the University of Cincinnati, indeed taught in nitrogen Carolina and Pennsylvania. Her scientific specialty was virology. At the Childrens Hospital, Candace was share as the director of pharmacy, working as an investigator on a study of an antiviral do medicines for the pharmaceutical company Burroughs Wellcome. Chris, a Wharton MBA, was a senior administrator at the hospital.Research Associate Indra A. Reinbergs prepared this fictional character under the supervision of Professors Dwight B. Crane and Paul W. Marshall as the land for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation.Copyright 2000 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. To holy order copies or request per mission to reproduce materials, bring down 1-800-545-7685, write Harvard occupancy School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, or go to http//www.hbsp.harvard.edu. No part of this issuing may be reproduced, stored in a recuperation dodging, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any meanselectronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or new(prenominal)(a)wisewisewithout the permission of Harvard vexation School. 1Looking for something new, Candace and Chris began to discuss the idea of going into business together. wiz day in previous(predicate) 1981 Candace received an unexpected visit from a new physician, replacing the usual health check monitor for her project with Burroughs Wellcome. This physician was a pioneer in the sub collectible clinical research business. As he describe how his business worked, Candace became more and more intrigued. When he left field that day, she immediately cal take Chris and said, Ive got a business idea The c one timept wa s to class up a sensitive research consulting inviolable that would include on outsourced research and development (R&D) work on a contract cornerstone from large pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. Based on the positive rejoinder she received from potential thickenings, Candace left her job at the hospital in June 1981 and Chris left his job in December 1981.Kendle International Inc. was inembodiedd in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1981, with Candace taking 55% of the shares, and Chris 45%. Candace had strong ties to the Cincinnati area. Her grandfather, a blacken miner, had moved thither from Appalachia, and the clan had grown to about 140 members, including Candaces two sons from a previous marriage. By January 1982, Candace and Chris were working from Candaces parents home.Kendle started as a menial company with a few contracts, and business grew be latishdly through referrals from professional cusss. Kendle suffered the usual bumps of a start-up business, particularly in the late 1980s when it suffered a loss for two years and ran up $1 million in bank debt on a $250,000 line of credit. timid that its bank would call the loan, the company went through a bankruptcy scare. Fortunately, Kendle succeeded in attracting business from a new client, the pharmaceutical company G.D. Searle & Co. (Searle). By the early nineties, the company was turned around and it generated annual sales of about $2.5 million. Candace and Chris were unify in 1991.The Pharmaceutical LifecycleThe clinical research process was influenced by g e veryplacening regulations that required doses to pass through a series of steps in advance they could be securities industryed for human race use. In the United States, the Food and dose judgeship (FDA) regulated pharmaceuticals. To receive FDA approval, a medicine had to see natural rubber and efficacy standards for a precise indication (medical diagnosis). A drug for hypertension, for example, would nurse to inflict b lood pressure by a certain(a) statistically signifi gaget measure withoutproducing unacceptable side set up. The entire FDA approval process could take from 8 to 15 years and involve several thousand uncomplainings.1 later on a pharmaceutical company discovered a new drug and completed pre-clinical examination on animals in the tire outatory, an Investigational newfound Drug practise was filed with the FDA. The drug and then passed through three phases of clinical exam on humans. Before beginning each subsequent phase, the drug company had to invoke extra regulatory information to the FDA.stage I phase angle I studies were in general concerned with assessing the drugs safety. This initial phase of testing in humans was done in a small amount of healthy volunteers (20 to 100), such as students, who were usually paid for participation. descriptor IIOnce chassis I testing had proven the drugs safety, pattern II tested its efficacy in a small telephone numerate of pati ents (100 to 300) with the medical diagnosis. It was specifically designed to descend the same(p)ly effective dose in patients. build IIIIn a arrange III study, the drug was tested on a larger patient population (1,000 to 3,000) at multiple clinical sites. The purpose was to provide a more thorough understanding of the drugs effectiveness, benefits, and the range of likely adverse reactions. Most Phase II and Phase III studies were blind studies in which some patients received the experimental drug, while control groups received a placebo or an already approved drug. Once a Phase III study was success adequatey completed, a pharmaceutical company pass FDA approval for trade the drug by filing a New Drug Application, which averaged about 100,000 pages.200-033Phase IV Post-marketing testing (of at least(prenominal) 300 patients per trial) was sometimes conducted for high-risk drugs to catch serious side effects (liver toxicity) and monitor them for massive-term effectiveness a nd cost-effectiveness.The pharmaceutical companies traditionally designed and conducted their own clinical trials. They selected the research sites and recruited investigators to conduct the trials of the new drug. Investigators were often medical drill professors at teaching hospitals, entirely they could as well be professional investigators who conducted clinical trials at dedicated sum of moneys or occasionally regular physicians who ran trials, particularly Phase IV trials, out of their private practices. These investigators then recruited patients, sometimes with the help of the pharmaceutical company, to participate in the study. after(prenominal) patients were recruited, there was a considerable amount of info collection by the investigators, monitoring of the process and information retrieval by the pharmaceutical company, and analysis of the info to determine whether the statistical criteria for safety and efficacy were met. Finally, there was the complicated proces s of compiling the data andpreparing the long report for the FDA.The Contract Research courseIn the 1970s, large pharmaceutical concerns in the United States began to look for ways to outsource their clinical testing work as their R&D budgets grew. At the beginning, contract research was a small cottage industry and the work was awarded on a piecemeal basis. As Chris recalled, For years, there had been companies conducting animal testing and Phase I, still there was no one managing the entire research and development process. The acronym range (contract research organization) did non exist, pharmaceutical companies gave out scarce small contracts, and did non have often confidence in for- wage research managers.The growth of the telescope industry was stimulated by value pressures on drug companies that led them to try to transfer the hardened be of clinical research into a variable cost through outsourcing. As Chris described,The general problem that drug companies face is balancing a variable workload with a fixed work long suit. The problem is that you dont know when the guy in the white lab coat will come running down the hall, beaker in hand, shouting, Eureka, Ive got it, its going to cure disease X. When he does that, you know your workload is going to spike. Your workload is carry oned by the rate of discovery, the subject of projects killed in vitro and, subsequent to that, how many studies get cancelled repayable to safety or efficacy problems in human testing. Pure compasss like Kendle derived their income solely from the outsourced portion of the R&D budget of pharmaceutical clients. In theory, any part of the clinical testing process could be outsourced. succession most pre-clinical discovery was conducted in-house by drug companies, the trend in the mid-nineties was for CROs to receive contracts to manage the entire clinical research piece, particularly 3Phases II and III. The whole process was an incredible race against time, as every day for which FDA approval was delayed could cost the pharmaceutical client over $1 million in mixed-up revenues. Pharmaceutical contracts ranged in period from a few months to several years. For multi-year contracts involving clinical trials, a portion of the contract fee was paid at the time the trial was initiated, with the balance of the contract fee payable in installments over the trial duration, as performance-based milestones (investigator recruitment, patient enrollment, delivery of databases) were completed.Contracts were bid by CROs on a fixed- toll basis, and the research was a labor-intensive business. The contract bids depend on careful estimation of the hourly labor rates and the number of hours each activity would take. The estimation process come to statistical algorithms, which took into account the length of the study, frequency and length of site visits, the number of sites involved, the number of patients involved, and the number of pages per report fo rm. A premium would be added for more complicated healing(p) testing. As the chief financial officer Tim Mooney described the business,The way that Kendle makes money is like any professional service potentWe focus on maximizing labor utilization, especially at the available level. We assume a 65% to 70% utilization rate, so boodle margins are high if we have a higher utilization rate of personnel. We have the same assumed profit margin on all levels of people, merely we can charge higher rates for contracts where we have specific therapeutic expertise that is in demand. Margins can also be higher on some large projects when we can share overhead costs across more sites. The business of contract research entailed several types of business risk. With contracts running at an average of $1 million for companies of Kendles size, client dependence was a major risk. Project cancellation by the client and sort orders to reduce project costs werealso increasingly frequent in the CR O industry, as healthcare cost pressures intensified. On the other hand, mathematical product liability for medical risks was borne by the pharmaceutical company.Competition in the 1990sBy the mid-1990s, contract research had evolved into a full-service industry, recognized by both(prenominal) the pharmaceutical/biotech industries and the financial community. In 1995, worldwide spending on R&D by pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies was estimated at $35 billion, with $22 billion spent on the type of drug development work that CROs could do. Of the $22 billion, besides $4.6 billion was outsourced to CROs in 1995. While R&D spending by pharmaceutical companies was growing at 10% a year, CROs were growing at twice that rate.2 Specialized CROs could manage increasingly abstruse drug trialsin the previous decade, the number of procedures per trial and average number of patients per trial had doubledfar more efficiently than their pharmaceutical clients.3Kendle participated in this growth in clinical research. Its net revenues grew 425% from $2.5 million in 1992 to $13 million in 1996. From a loss of $495,000 in 1992, its net income rise to $1.1 million by 1996. By 1996, Kendle had conducted clinical trials for 12 of the worlds 20 largest pharmaceutical companies. Kendles three largest clients were G.D. Searle, Procter & Gamble, and Amgen, which generated 48%, 19%, and 13% of Kendles 1996 revenues, respectively. (See demos 1 and 2 for Kendles income statements and balance sheets.)2 J.C. Bradford & Co., analyst report, January 15, 1998, pp. 5-6. 3 The Economist, Survey of the Pharmaceutical Industry, February 21, 1998, p. 4.200-033The contract research industry was very fragmented, with hundreds of CROs worldwide. In the 1990s, in response to the increased outsourcing of pharmaceutical R&D, and a demand for global trials, consolidation among the CROs began. A few key players e incorporate and went earth, creating a new industry for Wall Street to watch . Many CRO start-ups were founded by former drug company executives who decided to form their own operations. After a period of internal growth, some of the start-ups began growing through a financial roll-up strategy. An industry publication listed 18 top players in North America, with total contract research revenues of $1.7 billion. The top five public companies, graded by 1996 revenues, were Quintiles Transnational Corp. ($537.6 million), Covance Inc. ($494.8 million), Pharmaceutical Product Development Inc ($152.3 million), ClinTrials Research Inc. ($93.5 million), and Parexel International Corp. ($88 million).4 (See let on 3 for recent sales and profit data on CROs.)With its talent pool of scientists at the Research Triangle and U.S. supply of the pharmaceutical giants Glaxo and Burroughs Wellcome (later merged as Glaxo Wellcome), the state of North Carolina quickly became the center of the burgeoning CRO industry. Two of the big five companies, Quintiles and Pharmaceutical Product Development, were started there by academic colleagues of Candaces. Quintiles Transnational was considered to be the gold standard of the industry. Quintiles was founded in 1982 by Dennis Gillings, a British biostatistician who had worked at Hoechst and was a professor at the University of North Carolina, where Candace completed her postdoctoral work. After raising $39 million in a 1994 initial public offering, Quintiles went on an acquisition spree, adding other professional service businesses. For example, the faithful provided sales and marketing services to support the launch of new drug products. By the end of 1996, Quintiles was the worlds largest CRO, with 7,000 employees in 56 offices in 20 countries. A typical clinical study managed by Quintiles was conducted at 160 sites in 12 countries, involving 10,000 patients. Quintiles was more diversified than many of its CRO contentions, with about 65% of revenues derived from thecore CRO business and 35% from other serv ices.5 Pharmaceutical Product Development (PPD) was founded in 1989 by Fred Eshelman, a colleague of Candaces from the postdoctoral program in pharmacy. Like the founder of Quintiles, Eshelman had worked in drug research for several pharmaceutical firms, including Glaxo and Beecham. PPDs revenues jumped 500% between 1990 and 1994, based on such work as multi-year contracts for AIDS research for the content Institutes of Health. PPD conducted a successful IPO in March 1996, with its variant leap from $18 per share to $25.50 per share on the start-off day of trading. PPD bought a U.K. Phase I facility in November 1995, and in September 1996 merged with a nonher ahead(p) CRO. Their combined net revenues exceeded $200 million.Kendle at the villageTo Candace and Chris, it was clear that certain competitive capabilities were necessary for companies of Kendles size to compete successfully with the major CROstherapeutic expertise (in specific medical areas) extensive range of services (pharmaceutical companies wanted to work with fewer CROs, with each offering a wide range of services across multiple phases of the R&D process)integrated clinical data management (the ability to efficiently collect, edit and analyze data from thousands of patients with various clinical conditions from many geographically dispersed sites)4 Annual Report Leading CROs, R&D Directions, September 1997, pp. 28+. 5 William Blair & Co. LLC analyst report, Quintiles Transnational Corp., June 20, 1997, p. 3.international, multi-jurisdictional presence (to press forward up drug approval, tests were being launched in several countries at once)With the ejection of international presence, Candace and Chris felt comfortable with their ability to meet these criteria. Kendles round had scientific expertise in multiple therapeutic areas, including cardiovascular, central flyaway musical arrangement, gastrointestinal, immunology, oncology, respiratory, skeletal disease and inflammation. The com pany also had broad capabilities, including management of studies in Phases II through Phase IV. It did not consider the absence of Phase I capabilities to be an issue, since this activity was quite separate. (See Exhibit 4 for a comparison of CRO geographical locations.)To build an integrated clinical data management capability, Chris had directed the development of TrialWare, a proprietary software arrangement that allowed global data collection and processing and the integration of clinical data with clients in-house data management systems. TrialWare consisted of several modules including a database management system that greatly reduced study start-up costs and time by standardizing database design and utilizing scanned visit technology to facilitate the design of data entry screens, the point-and-click application of edits from a pre-programmed library, and workflow management (parallel processing). Other modules included a system that coded medical history, medication and a dverse event data and a touch-tone telephone system that was used for patientrandomization, just-in-time drug supply and collection of real-time enrollment data.Against the backdrop of a changing industry, Candace and Chris felt the need to develop additional business skills and focus Kendles strategy. To clarify their management roles, Candace and Chris switched their existing responsibilities. Chris pointed out, Candace became chief executive officer as we realized that her focus was long-range and I took over as Chief Operating Officer to focus on the short-range. In addition, the marketing strength of our competitors was propelling them further and further ahead of Kendle. Candace brought her science basis and entrepreneurial skills, while I brought my management. The problem was that we were relationly weak in sales and marketing. To broaden their skills, Candace went off in 1991 to the Owner/President prudence Program (OPM), an executive education program run by Harvard Bu siness School for three weeks a year over three years. Chris followed her to OPM in 1994.After completing the OPM program, Candace assessed the situation, We have to be big enough relative to our competitors to take on large, international projects. When Searle was looking for CROs for international work, all we could do was possibly subcontract it out to small shops. In contrast, Quintiles had six foreign offices of its own. Furthermore, when Searle calls and says, I just got off the phone, Quintiles will cut their price by a million dollars, if youre too small, youre not going to be able to respond to that.Candace and Chris realized that Kendle could not grow closely enough internally to keep up with its peers and did not have the interchange for acquisitions. They entertained the thought of selling Kendle, and were approached several times about a sale. But by nature, they were a competitive, athletic couple. Chris got up to play vanquish every morning at 7 AM, and Candace wa s an avid rower, recently winning a gold medal in a Cincinnati regatta. Perhaps not surprisingly, Candace and Chris decided to grow the firm and take it public rather than sell. As Candace described their motivation, We were not driven to be a public company as such, and primarily to be bigger, and for this, weneeded public financing to succeed in the new competitive landscape. The whole target was not to let the big guys get too far out ahead of us.Preparations for GrowthBy 1994, Kendle had grown to $4.4 million in revenues. Candace, the driving force throughout the IPO process, sought advice from an old college friend, a well-known Cincinnati businessman. He advised her, before you go public, practice being a public company. Candace therefore formulated a plan for Kendle to go public in 1999. Kendle began hiring key managers to build up functional units. Between 1994 and February 1997, new directors of clinical data management, information technology, biostatistics, finance, mer gers and acquisitions, regulatory affairs, and human resources were leased. As Chris described, the plan was to post this infrastructure in place to look and act like a public company communications, IT, finance. The idea was hire at the top and theyll accept in their organization. Many of these new managers had previously worked together at other companies. To prepare for Wall Street scrutiny, Kendle began issuing internal quarterly financial statements and sharing them with employees in an open-book management style. Candace and Chris tried to make the growing number of employees feel like part of the family in other ways, too. The Kendle photo drift displayed professional portraits of employees with their favorite hobbies. In 1995 Chris led the development of a corporate mission statement and a document on strategic plans that was divided with all employees.Kendle was organized in a matrix fashion (see Exhibit 5 for organizational chart). Each department was treated as a str ategic business unit (SBU) witha director who established standards and carried profit responsibility. At the same time, each research contract was managed by a project manager who assembled a aggroup from across the various SBUs.clinical trials involved five functional SBUs at Kendle1. Regulatory Affairs recruited investigators, helped them with FDA enrolment forms, and obtained approval from ethics boards. Regulatory Affairs maintained a database of 5,000 investigators.2. clinical Monitoring sent clinical research associates (CRA) out to the testing sites (every 4 to 6 weeks) to enforce Good Clinical Practice regulations. The CRAs were typically young, iodine health care professionals who spent a significant amount of their time on the road. The CRA would collect data from investigators, resolve queries generated by Clinical data Management, and promote patient enrollment.3. Clinical Data Management produced a locked database that could be submitted to the FDA. Data from depi cted object report forms were in delegate into a computer system and cleaned through a manual review of the forms and an automated check of the databases. The take exception was to lock a database quickly while maintaining data quality.4. Biostatistics would unblind the locked database and analyze it to determine if the data confirmed that the test results met the criteria for safety and efficacy. Biostatistics also defined the reaching of new studies.5. Medical Writing generated the truckload of paper submitted to the FDA for a New Drug Application, including a statistical analysis, a clinical assessment, preclinical and clinical data, a description of the manufacturing process, and the supporting patient documentation.1996 The celecoxib Study, Filing Preparations, and European acquisitions 1996 was a busy year for Candace, Chris, and Kendles new management team. They simultaneously began conducting a major drug study, working with underwriters on IPO preparations, and looking fo r foreign acquisition targets. In 1996 Kendle managed 62 clinical studies at 4,100 sites involving well-nigh 20,000 patients. Celebrex StudyIn January 1996, Kendle began working on a major drug called Celebrex (celecoxib). Its client Searle was engaged in a neck-and-neck race with Merck, the largest U.S. drug company, to be the first to market a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor. A COX-2 inhibitor was a new type of anti-inflammatory drug that promised low incidence of bleeding ulcers in long-term, high-dosage users such as arthritis patients. The Searle-Merck race was closely followed in the business press. Searle awarded the international portion of the Celebrex contract to another CRO, since Kendle only had facilities for testing in the United States. However, Kendle did win the contract to conduct all the U.S. Phase II and III trials. The Celebrex contract was a coarse feather in our cap, recalled the chief financial officer. In order to sap Merck, we worked very hard and kept compre ssing the timelines.To head the Celebrex project, Kendle employ elevation Sietsema, PhD, as assistant director of clinical research. A therapeutic expert in skeletal diseases and inflammation, Sietsema had worked at Proctor & Gamble for 12 years. While Sietsema served as overall program director, Chris acted as the operational project manager, group meeting with his Searle counterpart in Chicago on a monthly basis. In early 1997, Kendle also set up a new regional office in Chicago, close to Searle headquarters. For Kendle, the Celebrex project was a chance to show what we could do and to develop a reputation as a leader in the field of skeletal disease and inflammation. Kendle actively helped investigators recruit arthritis patients, running television advertisements, directing interested volunteers to a call center. Three hundredinvestigators enrolled over 10,000 patients, producing over one million pages of effort report forms.Most importantly, through close integration of inf ormation systems with Searle, Kendle was able to beat an industry standard. Instead of taking the typical six months to one year, the time span between the last patient in Phase II and the first in Phase III, which began in June 1996, was only 22 days.Preparation for SEC FilingBy the time the Celebrex program rolled around, Candace and Chris felt that they competency have to go public front than intended because of the competitive landscape. The new chief financial officer, Tim Mooney, took a leading role in the preparations. Prior to joining Kendle in May 1996, Mooney had worked as CFO at The Future Now, Inc., a computer reseller and Hook-SupeRx, a sell drugstore chain. At Kendle, Mooney replaced the controller with an audit manager from Coopers & Lybrand to beef up his staff. Mooney also led the building of many of the other financially link departments at Kendle.To act as the lead underwriters on the IPO, in elevated 1996 Mooney chose two regional investment banks, Chicago-b ased William Blair & Company, L.L.C., which had handled the 1995 IPO of Kendles competitor Parexel, and Wessels, Arnold & Henderson from Minneapolis. William Blair began lay Kendle through the paces of preparing to file a anterior prospectus with the U.S. Securities and Exchange representation (SEC). The process of going public generally took from 60 to 180 days. star of the key steps in the process was the conversion of Kendle from a subchapter union to a C corporation at the time of the IPO. (Subchapter S corporations were entities with 35 or fewer share requireers that were treated like partnerships for tax revenue revenue purposes. Corporate income tax was passed through tax-free to the owners who then paid personal income taxes due.)U-GeneIn October 1996 Mooney hired Tony Forcellini, a former colleague, as director of mergers and acquisitions (M&A). Tony had worked at Arthur Andersen in the tax department, and then as a treasurer at Hook-SupeRx with Mooney. The search fo r European acquisition targets was mainly conducted by Candace and Tony Forcellini, with back-up support by Tim Mooney and Chris. All the while, Chris and Bill Sietsema were working away on the Celebrex program. Forcellinis first end was easywhether to occupy an offering memorandum that landed on his desk presently after he arrived. The company for sale was U-Gene Research B.V. (U-Gene), a CRO based in Utrecht, the Netherlands. U-Gene was represented by Technomark Consulting Services Ltd. (Technomark), a London-based consulting firm uniquely specializing in the healthcare industry. Technomark had an extensive database on European CROs and was primarily in the business of matching its pharmaceutical company clients trials with appropriate European CROs, but it also had a small investment banking division.U-Gene, a full-service CRO, was an pleasing target for Kendle. The venture capitalist owners were actively looking for buyers. With a 38-bed Phase I facility in Utrecht and regio nal offices in the United acres and Italy, U-Gene could increase both Kendles service offering and geographic presence. Since its innovation in 1986, U-Gene had served more than 100 clients, including 19 of the worlds largest pharmaceutical companies. In 1996, U-Gene participated in 115 studies at approximately 500 sites involving approximately 4,700 patients and save net revenues of $12.5 million, a 37% increase over the foregoing year, and operating profit of $1.3 million, a 47% increase over the preliminary year. Because of its U.K. and Italian offices, U-Gene viewed itself as on the way to becoming a pan-European CRO.(See Exhibit 6 for U-Gene financial statements.) With momentum building, in November 1996, Forcellini seized upon U-Gene as Kendles possible entry into Europe and submitted a bid, offering cash and private stock. Unfortunately, Kendle lost out on this bid to a competitor, collaborative Clinical Research, Inc, as U-Genes owners either wanted a full cash caboodl e or stock from a public company. Collaborative was a competitor slightly larger than Kendle ($25.7 million in revenues) that had gone public in June 1996 and had established a software partnership with IBM. Although it had access to investigators outside the United States, Collaborative also viewed U-Gene as the establishment of a European presence. On February 12, 1997 Collaborative proclaimed that it had signed a letter of intent to ascertain U-Gene in exchange for 1.75 million newly issued shares.While this put Kendle out of the picture, the prospects of a deal were not completely killed. On the same day, February 12, 1997, Collaborative also announced that its first-quarter 1997 earnings would be significantly below expectations. On the next day, on analyst speculation that a major client contract had been lost, their stock fell by 27.3%, closing at $9.00.6 This put Collaboratives UGene deal in jeopardy.Underwriter ConcernsAbout two weeks after Collaboratives announcement, on February 25, 1997, another CRO, ClinTrials, also suffered a drop in stock price. ClinTrials stock lost more than half(prenominal) its market value,dropping 59%, to $9.50 per share. The fall began when an analyst from Wessels Arnold downgraded the ClinTrials stock to hold from buy, citing a number of key management departures, and continued after ClinTrials announced that its first-quarter earnings would be half its year-earlier profit. The reason for the unexpected earnings dusk was the cancellation of five projects totaling $37 million, with the possibility of even lower earnings due to an unresolved project dispute with a client.7 ClinTrials negative performance began to impinge on other CRO stocks, including that of Quintiles.8With client concentration an issue in ClinTrials stock performance, William Blair developed doubts about the timing of Kendles IPO. Although Kendle was close to filing its preliminary prospectus, on the day after ClinTrials stock dropped, William Blair analysts had a meeting with Kendles management and told them that they had decided to withdraw as lead underwriters in the IPO.Candace was resolved to keep going. She said, Theres no way out of the concentration issue. We cant buy our way out of it, because we cant do M&A deals until we have a public gold, and every day Searle is obstetrical delivery us more work, we wont tell them no. She then asked Mooney to find new investment bankers, and he thought, what am I going to do now? Hoping for a lead, Mooney called up a former security analyst from Wessels Arnold who had gone to work at Lehman Bros. Although Kendle was smaller than Lehmans usual clients, Lehman hold to underwrite Kendles IPO, with the reassurance that we suppose we can sell through the client concentration issue. After an accord with New York-based Lehman was reached, Mooney searched for a regional firm because, as he decided, I didnt want two New York-size egos. J.C. Bradford, based in Nashville, Tennessee, had a good reputation in the industry, and struck us as a nice regional bank. They were more retail-oriented than institutional-oriented, so they wouldnt directly be competing with Lehman in types of clientele. Bradford had managed the IPO of the first large CRO to go public (ClinTrials, in 1993) and Lehman had led the IPO of PPD in January 1996.Gmi and U-Gene revisitedAt the same time, Forcellini was lamentable ahead on the acquisition search. In January 1997 he tasked Technomark with using its CRO database to generate a list of possible European acquisition targets that met the interest criteria ideally a CRO with United realm headquarters $5 million to $7 million in revenues no Searle business certain types of therapeutic expertise strong in phases II through IV and certain country locations. The initial list had 50 European CROs, which Kendle change down to 14 prospects. Technomark then contacted these 14 prospects to sound out their willingness to sell, bringing the number dow n to five vistas three CROs in Germany, two in the United Kingdom, and one in the Netherlands (not U-Gene). To assess the prospects, Kendle used information from Technomark on comparable M&A deals.Candace and Tony Forcellini then traveled around Europe for a week visiting the five companies. They decided to further pursue two companies a small, 15-person monitoring organization in the United Kingdom and one in Germany. The U.K. prospect was quickly discarded because of an aggressive petition price and accounting problems. Kendle then moved on to the German target, a company named gmi. Its full name was GMI Gesellschaft fur Angewandte Mathematik und Informatik mbH. Founded in 1983, gmi provided a full range of Phase II to IV services. gmi had conducted trials in Austria, the United Kingdom, Switzerland and France, among other countries, and had experience in health economic studies and7 ClinTrials Predicts Sharply reject Profit Shares Plunge 59%, The Wall Street Journal, February 26, 1997, p. B3. 8 David Ranii, Investors avoiding Quintiles, The give-and-take & Observer, Raleigh, NC, February 27, 1997, p. C8.professional training programs. In 1996, gmi participated in 119 studies at multiple sites and recorded net revenues of $7 million, a 32% increase over the front year, and operating profit of $1.4 million, a 16% increase over the earlier year. At March 31, 1997, gmis backlog was approximately $9.6 million. gmi considered itself to be especially good at Phase III trials. (See Exhibit 7 for gmi financial statements.)While Candace and Forcellini were narrowing down European targets, Mooney was hunting for cash. In February 1997 Kendle met at a special lunch with its existing bankers, headliner strand (later renamed Firstar), in Cincinnati. Mooney recalled the conversation vividly After Candace and Chris described their plans, Star Banks CEO made a proposal, If you keep Kendle a private company and avoid the hassles of being public, well lend you the mon ey you need for acquisitions. With the financing in hand, Candace and Forcellini visited gmi in Munich. While gmis owners were willing to talk, they did not have much interest in selling. As Mooney described it, gmi was a classic case of having grown to a certain size, had a comfortable level of income, but werent interested in putting in the professional systems to grow beyond that level. After several conversations in March, it was not clear that Kendle and gmis owners would be able to reach a mutually agreeable price.At this point in early April 1997, the possibility of U-Gene as an acquisition candidate heated up. After the U-Gene deal with Collaborative Research began to collapse, Kendle had initiated a cautiously structured inquiry about U-Genes interest in regenerate discussions. This inquiry led to further discussions and a request in April for Kendle to meet in Frankfurt to try to reach an agreement. With the gmi deal in doubt, Kendle concur to try to reach closure with U- Gene. After some discussion, both sides agreed on a price of 30 million Dutch guilders, or about US$15.6 million, $14 million of which would be paid in cash, and the remaining $1.6 million would be in the form of a promissory note payable to the selling shareholders.U-Gene wanted to complete the transaction inwardly the next several weeks, so it would have to be financed at least initially by borrowings. Even if Kendle went ahead with an IPO, the equity financing would not be completed until the end of the summer.Discussions with gmi continued through this period since Kendle was surefooted about its ability to obtain financing from Star Bank. Ultimately, Kendles team was able to agree upon a price with gmi. The owners were willing to accept a price of 19.5 million Deutsche marks, or about US$12.3 million, with at least $9.5 million in cash. They would accept shares for the remaining $2.8 million, if Kendle successfully completed an IPO. The owners were willing to hold off the dea l until the IPO issue was resolved.Closing the Deals and IPO DecisionTo complete both the U-Gene and gmi deals, Kendle would need to borrow about $25 million to $28 million, so financing became critical. Mooney went back to Star Bank to take the bankers up on their promise. He described their reaction Star Bank said they couldnt lend $28 million to a company that only has $1 million in equity. Nobody did that. They might be willing to finance one acquisition, with the help of other banks, but there was no way that they would provide $28 million. Mooney was quite angry, but had no choice but to look for other sources of financing. He first tried to get bridge financing from Lehman and Bradford, but they refused, saying that they had gotten killed on such deals in the 1980s. There was also a possibility of financing from First Chicago Bank, but this did not materialize.Finally, in late April 1997, Mooney contacted NationsBank, N.A., which was headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina and provided banking services to the CRO industry. Nationsbank expressed interest, but only in a large deal. Even $28 million was a small amount to Nationsbank. In 11a few short weeks, Nationsbank ended up structuring a $30 million credit for Kendle, consisting of a $20 million, three-year revolving credit line and $10 million in five-year, subordinated notes. The interest rate on the credit line was tied to a money market base rate plus 0.50% (streamly totaling 6.2%), and the subordinated debt carried a 12% rate. So NationsBank stepped up in a pretty big way. They could have ended up with Kendle as a private company, with $30 million in debt. Because of the risk, Nationsbank would also take warrants giving the bank the right to purchase 4% of Kendles equity, or up to 10% if the IPO was delayed and Kendle had to borrow the full amount to do both acquisitions.Lehman Brothers was confident about an IPO. The underwriters felt Kendle could try $39 million to $40 million at a price bet ween $12 and $14 per share, and that Candace and Chris could sell some of their shares as well. premier Research Worldwide Ltd., a CRO with $15.2 million in 1996 revenues, had brocaded $46.75 million from its recent IPO in February 1997. Kendle felt they had a much better track record than Premier.Kendle now faced some unvoiced decisions. It could do the full program, including both acquisitions, taking the $30 million Nationsbank deal, and cooking for an IPO in late summer. The successful acquisitions of gmi and U-Gene would establish Kendle as the one-sixth largest CRO in Europe, based on total revenues, and one of only four large CROs able to offer clients the full range of Phase I through Phase IV clinical trials in Europe. The pricing on the two acquisitions of 8 to 10 times EBITDA seemed in line with recent CRO deals (see Exhibit 8). And, once the IPO was completed, Kendle would have both a cash cushion and stock as a currency to help finance future growth and acquisitions. Assuming an IPO of 3 million new shares at a price of $13.00, Kendle would have a cash position of about $14 million and no debt in the capital structure. (See Exhibits 9 and 10 for pro formaincome statements and balance sheets showing the impact of the acquisitions and the IPO.) A related issue was how many of their shares Candace and Chris should sell if an IPO were done. Their current thinking was to sell 600,000 shares. Thus, a total of 3.6 million shares would be for sale at the time of the IPO, including a primary offering of 3 million shares and a secondary offering of 600,000 shares. This sale would reduce holdings controlled by Candace and Chris from 3.65 million shares (83.1% of the shares currently outstanding) to 3.05 million shares (43.4% of the new total outstanding).Doing the full IPO and acquisition program, however, was unprecedented among Kendles peers. Nobody does this combination all at oncean IPO, senior- and sub-debt financing, and M&A deals, as Mooney describ ed the situation. Furthermore, the stock prices of public CROs had been travel since last February (see Exhibits 11 and 12 for stock market valuation and price information). If Kendle bought into the full program and the market crashed or the IPO was unsuccessful, the company would have almost $30 million of debt on its books with a very unassuming equity base. Perhaps it would be better to do just the U-Gene acquisition and use Star Bank to finance it. After completing this acquisition, it could then pursue the IPO. This approach was safer, but of course Kendle might miss the IPO window and miss the opportunity to acquire the second company. Indeed, instead of disapprove Kendle from doing an IPO, the fall in CRO stock prices might be interpreted as a signal that Kendle should forge ahead before the window closed completely.